汽车变速器齿轮修形仿真分析

汽车变速器的关键部件齿轮因其加工和装配质量的影响,工作时容易引起振动噪声大及承载能力降低等问题,而齿轮修形是解决这些问题的有效方法,且成本较低。针对某款汽车变速器,利用Romax对齿轮进行修形分析。结果表明,修形后减小了齿轮的传动误差和最大接触应力,齿面载荷分布更加合理。有效改善了齿轮的传动性能,增加了齿轮寿命。     

Assessment of short-term mortality of granary weevil,Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) triggered by different microwave irradiation powers

Abstract

The insecticidal efficacy of microwave irradiation against the at 12, 24, 48 and 72?h following exposure to microwave irradiations (100, 300?W) and the progeny production was assessed 45?days later. Linearly increasing irradiation power range (100, 200 and 300?W) was set up for determining mortality tendency. An increase of insect mortality caused by higher irradiation period and times elapsed after treatment has become evident commencing from 12?h after the treatment, which has significantly decreased at later elapsed time after treatment. The irradiation periods inducing the highest mortality at the examined powers were at 10?min and at 100?W power (72?h: 64.93%) and at 4.5?min. and at 300?W power (12?h: 87.01). In addition, a complete suppression of progeny production was achieved by 4.5?min treatment at 300?W power. Lognormal-type mortality process was caused by the linearly increased irradiation range. The properly chosen microwave irradiation can be used for management of Sitophilus granarius larval and adult developmental stages. This treatment could provide an effective and friendly environmental treatment technique in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program.     

Mapping the current and future distributions of Onosma species endemic to Iran

Climate change may cause shifts in the natural range of species especially for those that are geographically restricted and/or endemic species. In this study, the spatial distribution of five endemic and threatened species belonging to the genus Onosma (including O. asperrima, O. bisotunensis, O. kotschyi, O. platyphylla, and O. straussii) was investigated under present and future climate change scenarios: RCP2.6 (RCP, representative concentration pathway; optimistic scenario) and RCP8.5 (pessimistic scenario) for the years 2050 and 2080 in Iran. Analysis was conducted using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to provide a basis for the protection and conservation of these species. Seven environmental variables including aspect, depth of soil, silt content, slope, annual precipitation, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and annual temperature range were used as main predictors in this study. The model output for the potential habitat suitability of the studied species showed acceptable performance for all species (i.e., the area under the curve (AUC)>0.800). According to the models generated by MaxEnt, the potential current patterns of the species were consistent with the observed areas of distributions. The projected climate maps under optimistic and pessimistic scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively) of 2050 and 2080 resulted in reductions and expansions as well as positive range changes for all species in comparison to their current predicted distributions. Among all species, O. bisotunensis showed the most significant and highest increase under the pessimistic scenario of 2050 and 2080. Finally, the results of this study revealed that the studied plant species have shown an acute adaptability to environmental changes. The results can provide useful information to managers to apply appropriate strategies for the management and conservation of these valuable Iranian medicinal and threatened plant species in the future.     

Predicting the potential geographic distribution of Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis(Diptera: Tephritidae) in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling

Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia. Although these pests have not established in China, precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature. Thus, we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent) model with the occurrence records of these two species. Bactrocera bryoniae and B. neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China, and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20% of the globe. Globally, the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia, the central and the southeast coast of Africa, southern North America, northern and central South America, and Australia. While within China, most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species. Notably, southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis invasions. Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis in the world and in particular China, and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions.     

芋疫病空间分布格局及其抽样技术研究

为了进一步提高对芋疫病预测预报,科学指导生产上的防治,应用最小二乘法、频次分布、聚集度指标、m^*-m回归分析和Taylor幂法则等对病株的空间分布型进行了分析。结果表明:当田间芋疫病病株率在0.427~0.513时,病株田间分布属聚集分布;当田间芋疫病病株率在0.720~0.820时,病株田间分布属均匀分布。此外其病株空间分布的基本成分是个体群,病株个体间相互吸引,病株在大田中存在明显的发病中心,且病株个体的空间格局随着病株密度的提高越趋均匀分。在此基础上,提出了Iwao最适理论抽样模型N=232.3783/m-87.9438,并建立序贯抽样模型T₀(N)=0.3689N±1.7177$\sqrt{N}$,即:调查株数N时,若累计病株率超过上界可定为防治对象田,若累计病株率未达到下界时,可定为不防治田,若累计病株率在上下界之间,则应继续调查,直到最大样本数m₀=0.3689时,也即病株率15%,所需抽样数542株止。     

辽西北沙地苹果-花生间作系统土壤养分空间分布特征及间作效应

[目的] 研究辽西北沙地农林复合系统土壤养分的空间分布及其效应，从土壤养分角度探讨果农间作系统中果树和农作物对土壤养分的相互作用关系，为该区农林复合系统的可持续经营提供科学合理的依据。[方法] 以苹果与花生间作、花生单作、苹果单作为研究对象，对0-60 cm土层深度，0-300 cm水平距离范围内土壤养分含量进行测定和分析。[结果] 沙地间作系统中土壤有机质、速效钾极缺乏，全氮、碱解氮很缺乏，全磷缺乏，有效磷含量中等；间作系统在水平方向上，苹果树和花生植株对总养分有机质、氮、磷的竞争激烈位点位于果树带区，对有效养分氮、磷、钾的竞争激烈位点位于近果树作物区；在垂直方向上，各养分总体表现出了表聚性，间作系统对有机质、有效磷的竞争主要位于深土层，对全磷、速效钾的竞争主要位于表土层，对全氮、碱解氮表现为合作效应，表土层效应更高；与苹果单作、花生单作相比较，间作系统速效钾和有效磷含量呈现负效应。[结论] 沙地苹果-花生间作系统土壤养分贫瘠，应在果树带区施用有机肥、磷肥，作物区施入钾肥，以减轻养分竞争，提高养分效应。     

1966-2017年贵州省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征

[目的] 分析贵州省1966—2017年降雨侵蚀力R值的时空演变规律，为评估该地区降雨对土壤侵蚀的防治、制定水土保持措施及农业生产规划提供参考。[方法] 基于贵州省33个气象站点1966—2017年的日降雨资料，利用克里金插值法、经验正交函数（EOF）方法、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波分析法等，对贵州省52 a的降雨侵蚀力R值的时空特征进行了分析。[结果] ①EOF分析方法可以较好地解释降水侵蚀力的时空分布特征，其前两个特征向量累计贡献率达52%，揭示了贵州省降雨侵蚀力全局型和东西反向型两种典型的分布模态。分析特征向量所对应的时间系数可得，贵州省的降水侵蚀力主要表现为全省全年偏大、全省全年偏小、东大西小、东小西大4种类型；②贵州省降雨侵蚀力R值年内主要受汛期降雨影响，全省各县市汛期降雨侵蚀力R值均占全年总量的60%以上；③在年际变化上，降雨侵蚀力R值存在多突变的现象，1971—1981年突变频率最为频繁。通过周期检验发现其变化主周期为28 a，次周期分别为12 a和6 a。[结论] 贵州省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布与降雨量的时空分布趋势近似，整体呈现南部大北部小，夏季大冬季小的趋势，在未来几年内降雨侵蚀力R值有上升的趋势。     

基于格网的石漠化地区生态系统服务与经济空间耦合

[目的]分析石漠化地区生态系统服务价值与经济的空间耦合关系,为石漠化地区生态环境保护与社会经济协调发展提供依据。[方法]以贵州省盘州市为例,基于格网尺度,计算了研究区生态服务价值(ESV)与国内生产总值GDP,并利用耦合协调模型,对两者间的耦合协调发展程度进行定量评估。[结果]①盘州市ESV热点区主要分布在东北部的几个少数民族乡镇,冷点区主要分布在经济发展较快且城市化率较高的区域;②盘州市GDP在空间上呈现出局部高的特点,高值区主要集中在石桥镇、亦资街道、翰林街道等工业镇和政治、经济、文化中心;③盘州市ESV与GDP耦合协调度值较低,空间上存在明显的自相关性,耦合协调度较低的区域主要分布在盘州市东南部、北部以及中部;④盘州市ESV与GDP耦合协调度类型以严重失调衰退经济损益型为主,占区域总面积的79.95%。[结论]盘州市ESV与GDP在空间上存在一定矛盾,耦合协调度较低,兼顾生态环境保护与经济发展有助于提升协调度。     

土壤中红霉素结合残留在菜心中生物有效性研究

为探究土壤环境中红霉素污染的生物风险,本试验采用¹⁴C示踪技术,选取广东菜心为代表,研究红霉素结合残留的释放、转化及生物有效性,并探讨添加外源有机肥(如鸡粪、活性淤泥)对该过程的影响。结果表明,土壤中红霉素结合残留随着时间推移逐渐释放,在培养45 d时下降至引入量的59.83%,其中15.00%转化为可提态残留;植物根系的吸收和扰动能促进红霉素结合残留的释放和转化(P <0.05);土壤中的红霉素结合残留能够被广东菜心根部吸收并转运至可食部分,转运系数为0.34,表明红霉素结合残留在菜心体内不易向上运输;放射性自显影图片显示,被植物吸收的¹⁴C-红霉素及其放射性衍生物主要集中在叶片和根部;外源添加有机肥(鸡粪和活性淤泥)处理,一方面可抑制结合残留的释放,增加富啡酸中红霉素结合残留的含量(P<0.05),导致土壤中红霉素污染更持久,另一方面可促进植物对土壤中红霉素残留的吸收;腐殖质分级结果显示,红霉素结合残留主要集中在富啡酸中(87.92%~97.21%),并随着时间推移不断释放。本研究结果为科学评价红霉素的生态安全提供了理论支持。     

Effect of soil pore size distribution on plant-available water and least limiting water range as soil physical quality indicators

Soil pore size distribution(SPSD) is one of the most important soil physical properties. This research investigated the relationships of location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves with plant-available water(PAW) and least limiting water range(LLWR) of the light-textured soils at the Torogh Agricultural Research Station in north-eastern Iran. Soil moisture release curve(SMRC), PAW and LLWR in matric heads of 100 and 330 h Pa for the field capacity and location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves of 30 soils with different texture and organic carbon contents were determined, and the variable relationships were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the median equivalent pore diameter(de), mean de, standard deviation(SD*), and skewness of the SPSD curves were significantly correlated with PAW(PAW330) and LLWR(LLWR330) measured in a matric head of 330 h Pa. Decrease in deand increase in the diversity of soil pore size(SD*) increased PAW330 and LLWR330. The SD* values of all the soil samples were lower than the optimal ranges suggested in literature. Neither PAW nor LLWR values were significantly different in the soils with the optimal modal deand those with non-optimal modal de. Optimal values of median and mean equivalent pore diameters and kurtosis of SPSD curves led to a significant improvement of PAW330 and LLWR330 as soil physical quality indicators. It was recommended to revise the optimal ranges for SD* and modal defor future studies.